Which of the following is an example of a conflict of interest in research?

A conflict of interest in research arises when a researcher’s personal interests or relationships could potentially influence the integrity of the research process or outcomes. In this case, when a researcher conducts a study that is funded by a company that stands to gain from favorable results, there exists a clear conflict of interest. The financial support from the company might bias the researcher’s objective evaluation of their findings, leading to a scenario where the desire for positive outcomes could overshadow the commitment to scientific rigor and honesty.

The other options do not present situations that inherently create a conflict of interest. A researcher presenting at a conference without funding implies that there are no financial ties that could influence their presentation. Collaborating on unrelated projects generally does not create a conflict since the projects do not intersect in interests or objectives. Lastly, being employed by a non-profit organization does not automatically imply a conflict of interest, especially if the non-profit's goals align with ethical research practices and are unrelated to any potential biases. Thus, only the first option embodies the essence of a conflict of interest.