Falsification in research refers to what?

Falsification in research involves actions that compromise the integrity of research findings, specifically through manipulation. This can include altering research materials, equipment, or processes to produce certain outcomes, as well as changing or omitting data that should honestly represent the research conducted. This type of misconduct is a serious violation of ethical standards in research, as it misleads others about the validity and reliability of the research results. Upholding integrity in research is essential for ensuring trust in scientific findings, and any form of falsification directly undermines that trust.

The other options describe practices that contribute to ethical research conduct. Properly citing data ensures that original sources are acknowledged, while distributing data freely promotes collaboration and transparency. Documenting findings accurately is essential for maintaining reliable records of research, but these practices are not related to the act of falsification itself. Falsification is specifically about dishonest alteration or omission, making the correct choice identifiable as the one that encapsulates these unethical actions.